Monday 5 September 2016

Gantungan Kunci Besi

Bahan Besi Stainless Steel
Harga Rp.56.000,-
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Saturday 30 April 2016

Thursday 24 March 2016

Friday 19 February 2016

Wednesday 13 January 2016

Friday 9 October 2015

Process Piping & Pipelines System



 

One of the most important components of the infrastructure in the industrialized world is the vast network of pipelines and process piping—literally millions and millions of miles. The term “pipelines” generally refers to the network of pipelines that transport water, sewage, steam, and gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons from sources (e.g., reservoirs, steam plants, oil and gas wells, refineries) to local distribution centers (“transmission pipelines”), and to the network of pipelines that distribute such products to local markets and end users (“distribution” pipelines). The term “process piping” generally refers to the system of pipes that transport process fluids (e.g., air, steam, water, industrial gases, fuels, chemicals) around an industrial facility involved in the manufacture of products or in the generation of power. Pipelines and process piping are generally made of steel, cast iron, copper, or specialty metals in certain highly aggressive environments, but the use of plastic materials is growing, especially in hydrocarbon-based distribution lines and in sewer lines. Very large-diameter water transmission lines are often made of reinforced concrete.

The most common method of joining the individual segments of pipe is by welding (or soldering in the case of copper, and gluing in the case of plastics), although bolted flanges or threaded connections are often used in smaller-diameter process piping. In low-pressure piping systems that transport non-hazardous fluids like water and sewage, mechanical joints (e.g., “ball and spigot,” compression) that rely on friction are commonly used. Pipelines and piping are usually constructed and maintained in accordance with national and local regulations and applicable industry standards. For example, the most commonly used industrial code for the transport of liquids is ASME B31.4. B31.8 is most commonly used for the transmission and distribution of gas, and ASME B31.3 most often applies to process piping. Once assembled, pipelines are usually buried, but process piping is usually above ground.

Pipelines and process piping are the safest means to transport gases and fluids across countries or across manufacturing facilities. However, given the extensive network of pipelines and piping, failures do occur, which can be quite spectacular and lead to extensive property damage and loss of life. Given their potential impact, it is important to investigate the cause(s) of such failures, which often involve input from many different engineering and scientific disciplines. As such, Exponent, with its broad range of skill sets, is uniquely positioned to investigate such failures, and has done so on hundreds of occasions, ranging from quarter-inch process tubing to 20-ft-diameter concrete water distribution pipelines.

Equally important, of course, is the prevention of pipeline and piping failures. Our scientists and engineers provide in-depth technical knowledge that has enabled us to make significant contributions to clients during the design, layout, and construction of pipelines and piping systems, and in the development and implementation of integrity and risk management programs. Exponent staff has brought their expertise to bear on preventive projects ranging in scope from reviewing the design and construction of the process piping at petrochemical plants to overall integrity reviews of long-distance oil and gas transmission pipeline systems.

Clients that have utilized Exponent’s pipeline and process piping expertise have included Fortune 500 manufacturing and petrochemical companies, utilities, pipeline companies, insurers, and capital project lending organizations.
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Analysis Pipeline Failure


Applied Technical Services performs metallurgical pipe failure analysis and corrosion testing. Our capabilities include root cause determination of component and material failures incorporating analysis of engineering problems and specifications.
Our assessment services include evaluating various process and water pipe failures manufactured from steel pipe, PVC pipe, copper pipe, ABS pipe, CPVC pipe, HDPE pipe, polyethylene pipe, cast iron pipe and Kitec pipe. We perform scanning electron microscopy (SEM); microstructural analysis; optical metallography; mechanical property analysis; and scale and corrosion deposit analysis.
Our procedures assess, investigate and test engineered materials to identify the causes of failure events. In addition to problem solving, ATS assists in removing the root cause by systematically reviewing the components and processes that led to failure. Our pipe failure analysis material engineers reconstruct incidents, collect and analyze critical data for detailed analysis and reporting.
Our goal is to provide thorough pipe failure analysis results in compliance with industry standards by delivering economical and technologically advanced solutions.
Failure theories provide techniques to calculate stresses, and damage mechanisms describe material failures due to those stresses. Code techniques provide safe, conservative rules for initial pipe design, but the analysis of pipe failures requires added understanding of failure theories, plastic deformation, fatigue cracks, and crack growth after initial fracture.

Types of Pipe Failure Analysis:

  • Pipeline Failure Analysis
  • PVC Pipe Failure
  • Copper Pipe Failure
  • Water Pipe Failure
  • ABS Pipe Failure
  • CPVC Pipe Failure
  • HDPE Pipe Failure
  • Polyethylene Pipe Failure
  • Cast Iron Pipe Failure
  • KITEC Pipe Failure
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