Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

Sunday 26 February 2012

Akibat Global Warming dan Efek Pemanasan Global

1. Great Barrier Reef Lenyap dalam 20 Tahun
Naiknya air laut akibat pemanasan global dalam 20 tahun akan menenggelamkan gugusan karang ajaib ini. Charlie, mantan kepala peneliti di Australian Institute of Marine Science mengatakan pada The Times: "Tidak ada harapan, Great Barrier akan lenyap 20 tahun lagi atau lebih. Sekali karbon dioksida (CO2) menyentuh level seperti yang diprediksi antara tahun 2030 dan 2060, seluruh karang akan lenyap. Hal ini didukung para peneliti karang dan juga semua organisasi terkait lainnya. Ini sudah kritis dan beginilah kenyataanya."

2. Hutan Amazon Akan Berubah Menjadi Gurun
Memiliki jutaan spesies dan cadangan 1/5 air bersih dunia, hutan Amazon merupakan hutan hujan tropis terbesar di dunia. Tapi pemanasan global dan penggundulan hutan membalikkan fungsi hutan sebagai penyerap karbon dan merubah 30-60 persen hutan menjadi padang rumput kering. Proyeksi-proyeksi menunjukkan hutan ini bisa lenyap menjelang tahun 2050.
3. Gurun Sahara Akan Menghijau
Para ilmuwan melihat tanda-tanda bahwa gurun sahara dan wilayah di sekitarnya menghijau akibat makin meningkatnya curah hujan. Hujan ini mampu merevitalisasi wilayah gersangnya sehingga menarik komunitas petani. Kecenderungan menyusutnya gurun ini dijelaskan oleh model-model iklim, yang memprediksi kembalinya ke kondisi yang merubah Sahara menjadi padang rumput subur seperti sekitar 12 ribu tahun yang lalu.

4. Angin Topan Akan Bertiup Lebih Dahsyat
 
Belum bisa dijelaskan apakah global warming bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya badai Katrina. Tapi ada indikasi-indikasi bahwa global warming akan menciptakan badai-badai berkategori 5 - badai Katrina sendiri berkategori 4 saat menghantam Lousiana. Kekuatan badai dimulai dari adanya air hangat dan model-model ramalan menunjukkan badai di masa depan akan menjadi lebih dahsyat seiring dengan naiknya temperatur lautan. Global warming juga membuat badai-badai itu lebih destruktif dengan naiknya permukaan laut yang memicu banjir yang lebih besar di wilayah pesisir.

5. London Tenggelam Tahun 2100
Tidak hanya karang dan pulau-pulau landai yang terancam global warming. Faktanya sebuah ancaman besar juga menghantui wilayah kota besar di wilayah pantai yang beresiko tenggelam di bawah air akibat naiknya permukaan laut. Lusinan kota-kota dunia termasuk London dan New York bisa saja lenyap tenggelam menjelang akhir abad ini, menurut penelitian yang menyebutkan global warming akan mengakibatkan naiknya permukaan air laut lebih cepat dari yang diprediksi sebelumnya. London termasuk kota besar yang beresiko tinggi seperti digambarkan dalam sebuah film tahun 2007 berjudul "Flood". Menurut para ahli kota ini akan tenggelam tidak sampai 100 tahun lagi.

6. Hewan-hewan yang Menyusut
Studi baru menyebutkan bahwa bahwa spesies-spesies hewan mengalami penyusutan rata-rata hingga 50 persen dari massa tubuhnya dalm 30 tahun terakhir. Penelitian awal terhadap domba menduga bahwa musim dingin yang lebih pendek dan ringan membuat domba-domba itu tidak menambah berat badannya untuk bertahan hidup pada tahun pertama hidupnya. Faktor seperti ini dapat juga mempengaruhi populasi ikan. Para peneliti menyebutkan perubahan iklim ini bisa mengganggu rantai-rantai makanan, dimana predator di puncak rantai makanan yang paling terpengaruhi karena menyusutnya mangsa.
7. Kepulauan Indonesia Kehilangan Ribuan Pulaunya
Akibat global warming, sedikitnya 2000 pulau kecil di kepulauan Indonesia mungkin akan hilang sebelum yahun 2030 danhal ini diperparah sebagai konsekuensi penambangan liar dan aktivitas lain yang merusak lingkungan. Indonesia hingga saat ini telah kehilangan sedikitnya 24 dari 17.500 pulau-pulau di wilayahnya.

8. Global Warming Bisa Memicu Terorisme
Global warming bisa menciptakan kondisi ketidakstabilan di negara-negara miskin, sehingga memicu terjadinya migrasi dan menjadi tempat subur berkembangnya terorisme. Kondisi negara yang tidak stabil akibat iklim yang keras dan tidak menentu menyebabkan banyak orang meninggalkan negaranya dan karena tekanan beberapa di antaranya bisa melakukan tindak terorisme. Belum lagi masalah akibat penolakan dari negara yang didatangi para imigran ini.

9. Mencairnya Pegunungan Alpen

Tahun-tahun belakangan ini terlihat pengurangan intensitas salju di wilayah-wilayah rendah, menyusutnya volume glacier (sungai es), dan juga meningkatnya cairnya wilayah es beku. Hal ini berdampak langsung pada aktivitas turisme di musim dingin. Diprediksi glacier-glacier itu akan hilang antara tahun 2030 dan 2050. Itali dan Swiss telah memutuskan untuk menggambar ulang batas-batas wilayah mereka akibat berkurangnya glacier-glacier di Alpine dan menyapu tanda batas-batas wilayah dua negara itu.

10. Tenggelamnya Kepulauan Maldiva
Wilayah kepulauan rendah dan flat yang dikelilingi lautan diprediksi akan ditenggelamkan oleh lautan yang mengelilinginya itu. Hal ini merupakan berita buruk bagi para penghuninya dan juga bagi dunia pariwisata yang mengandalkan pantai-pantai berpasir putih dengan air hangatnya. Para peneliti memberi waktu tidak lebih dari seratus tahun sebelum kepulauan ini bebar-benar lenyap ditelan samudera.

Mengerikan memang, meski hampir semua dari kita mungkin tidak akan mengalaminya, tetapi anak cucu kitalah yang akan menghadapinya. Mungkin sebagian orang menganggap isu global warming hanyalah bualan saja, tapi mungkin sebagian dari kita telah merasakan naiknya temperatur di wilayah masing-masing jika dibandingkan kira-kira 10 tahun yang lalu. Penulis sendiri kurang lebih 10-15 tahun yang lalu pernah tinggal di salah satu kota yang waktu itu hawanya selalu sejuk bahkan menjelang tengah hari sekalipun. Dan tahun-tahun belakangan kota itu di siang hari panas teriknya tidak kalah dengan kota Jakarta. Memang belum ada yang membuktikannya sebagai akibat global warming, tapi satu hal sudah jelas, sudah waktunya manusia memikirkan kembali untuk menghargai alam dan bersahabat dengan alam dalam segala aktivitasnya termasuk dalam strategi pembangunan, baik infrastruktur maupun industri.
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Saturday 25 June 2011

Fakta Unik Tentang Sperma


Mungkin Anda juga sering mendengar mitos-mitos tentang khasiat sperma. Sperma memang dalam penelitian mengandung komposisi kimia yang sangat berguna bagi tubuh. Bahkan mitos di kalangan wanita bahwa dengan menelan sperma dapat menghaluskan kulit dan bikin awet muda. Untuk menguji kebenaran mitos tersebut, marilah kita lihat komposisi kimia yang terdapat dalam sperma. Para ahli di bidang ini tidak pernah membenarkan tapi juga tidak pernah menyalahkan mitos tersebut secara ilmiah. Mereka hanya mengatakan tidak apa tertelan asal dari sperma yang sehat dan tidak tertular penyakit.

Komposisi kimia sperma adalah sebagai berikut:
Komposisi kimia …………..( Dalam mg/100 ml )
Ammonia ……………………………2
Ascoric Acid ……………………..12,8
Ash …………………………………..9,9 %
Calcium ……………………………25
Carbon Dioxide …………..54 ml/100 ml
Chloride …………………………155
Cholesterol ………………………80
Citric Acid ……………………….376
Creatine …………………………..20
Ergothioneine ………………..Trace
Fructose ………………………..224
Glutathione ………………………30
Glycerylphorylcholine ………54-90
Inositol ……………………………..50,57
Lactic Acid ………………………..35
Magnesium ……………………….14
Nitrogen, nonprotein(total) …913
Phosphorus,acid-soluble …….57
Inorganic ………………………….11
Lipid ………………………………….6
Total (lipid) ………………………112
Phosphorylcholine ………….250-380
Potassium …………………………89
Pyruvic Acid ………………………29
Sodium ……………………………281
Sorbitol ……………………………..10
Vitamin B 12 ……………….300-600 ppg
Sulfur …………………………3 % (of ash)
Urea …………………………………72
Uric Acid ……………………………..6
Zinc ………………………………….14
Copper ………………………0,006-0,024

Komposisi yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh di antaranya adalah :

Calcium
Komposisi ini sangat berguna untuk tulang dan gigi bahkan untuk menjaga fungsi otot dan syaraf.

Citric Acid

Berguna untuk mencegah penggumpalan darah dalam tubuh

Creatine

Berguna untuk menambah tenaga dan pembentukan otot dan juga dapat berfungsi sebagai pembakar lemak dalam tubuh

Ergothioneine

Berfungsi sebagai pelindungan kulit dari kerusakan DNA

Fructose

Dapat berfungsi sebagai pencerna gula dalam tubuh yang sangat bermanfaat sebagai pencegah penyakit diabetes. Kebanyakan Fructose juga berbahaya karena bisa menyebabkan penyakit asam urat.

Glutathione

Komposisi kimia ini sangat berguna sebagai obat pencegah kanker, mencegah penggumpalan darah selama operasi dan menambah kemanjuran obat kemoterapi.

Inositol

Berfungsi mencegah kerontokan pada rambut

Lactic Acid

Berfungsi sebagai bahan untuk luka bakar dan luka pembedahan

Lipid

Berfungsi sebagai pembakar lemak

Pyruvic Acid

Berfungsi sebagai penyubur

Sorbitol

Dipergunakan oleh ahli farmasi sebagai bahan untuk mengatasi sembelit

Urea

Berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan nitrogen yang berlebih dalam tubuh

Uric Acid

Berguna sebagai pencegah penyakit diabetes tetapi kebanyakan Uric Acid akan menyebakan penyakit encok, dll

Sulfur

Berguna untuk menghaluskan kulit.

Vitamin B12

Sebagai penambah stamina

Zinc

Berguna sebagai obat jerawat

sumber :http://www.taukahkamu.com/2010/11/fakta-unik-tentang-sperma-manusia.html
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The difference between a smart, intelligent, creative and innovative

Learn along with the breath, to stop learning when breathing stops. Learning will also distinguish a person can respond to the same conditions in different ways, of course, benefit from the most adverse conditions though. Fill out a full life requires not only intelligence, but also intelligence, creativity and innovation. What's the difference?

Cleverness is your ability to absorb information. When you are able to read and take knowledge from books or information that you absorb, you are pretty smart. However, the cleverness stop there. Smart people have a lot of knowledge, but sometimes hinder the decision-making, because a lot of knowledge that gives a lot of information.

Intelligence is the ability to manage intelligence. People who succeed sometimes people are not too smart, but smart people can manage. Intelligence makes you know who the smart people who fit certain types of work to do. Intelligence allows you to take advantage of the combination of cleverness.

Creativity is the ability to make a difference. Creative people are the people who saw the same thing but thinking in a different way. Creativity leads to different and creative people who can stand out of the crowd, appeared among the crowd. Differences create new opportunities open.

Innovative is the ability to find the commercial value of creativity. Innovation makes creativity is not enough to succeed. Creative only makes a difference, innovation makes the difference it has commercial value.

Therefore, learn for life, and you can have the ingenuity, intelligence, creativity and innovation. Everything is not a talent, but discipline. Of course can be studied
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Efek dari Global Warming (Pemanasan Global)

Dunia saat ini dihantui oleh isu global warming yang dalam waktu tidak lebih dari seabad akan menunjukkan akibatnya dan berpotensi memporak-porandakan peradaban manusia. Bencana-bencana yang dipicu karena ketidakstabilan iklim mulai banyak menelan korban yang tidak sedikit. Meski hanya berupa studi-studi atau prediksi-prediksi, ada baiknya kita mewaspadai peringatan ini.

1. Great Barrier Reef Lenyap dalam 20 Tahun
Naiknya air laut akibat pemanasan global dalam 20 tahun akan menenggelamkan gugusan karang ajaib ini. Charlie, mantan kepala peneliti di Australian Institute of Marine Science mengatakan pada The Times: "Tidak ada harapan, Great Barrier akan lenyap 20 tahun lagi atau lebih. Sekali karbon dioksida (CO2) menyentuh level seperti yang diprediksi antara tahun 2030 dan 2060, seluruh karang akan lenyap. Hal ini didukung para peneliti karang dan juga semua organisasi terkait lainnya. Ini sudah kritis dan beginilah kenyataanya."

2. Hutan Amazon Akan Berubah Menjadi Gurun
Memiliki jutaan spesies dan cadangan 1/5 air bersih dunia, hutan Amazon merupakan hutan hujan tropis terbesar di dunia. Tapi pemanasan global dan penggundulan hutan membalikkan fungsi hutan sebagai penyerap karbon dan merubah 30-60 persen hutan menjadi padang rumput kering. Proyeksi-proyeksi menunjukkan hutan ini bisa lenyap menjelang tahun 2050.

3. Gurun Sahara Akan Menghijau
Para ilmuwan melihat tanda-tanda bahwa gurun sahara dan wilayah di sekitarnya menghijau akibat makin meningkatnya curah hujan. Hujan ini mampu merevitalisasi wilayah gersangnya sehingga menarik komunitas petani. Kecenderungan menyusutnya gurun ini dijelaskan oleh model-model iklim, yang memprediksi kembalinya ke kondisi yang merubah Sahara menjadi padang rumput subur seperti sekitar 12 ribu tahun yang lalu.

4. Angin Topan Akan Bertiup Lebih Dahsyat
Belum bisa dijelaskan apakah global warming bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya badai Katrina. Tapi ada indikasi-indikasi bahwa global warming akan menciptakan badai-badai berkategori 5 - badai Katrina sendiri berkategori 4 saat menghantam Lousiana. Kekuatan badai dimulai dari adanya air hangat dan model-model ramalan menunjukkan badai di masa depan akan menjadi lebih dahsyat seiring dengan naiknya temperatur lautan. Global warming juga membuat badai-badai itu lebih destruktif dengan naiknya permukaan laut yang memicu banjir yang lebih besar di wilayah pesisir.

5. London Tenggelam Tahun 2100
Tidak hanya karang dan pulau-pulau landai yang terancam global warming. Faktanya sebuah ancaman besar juga menghantui wilayah kota besar di wilayah pantai yang beresiko tenggelam di bawah air akibat naiknya permukaan laut. Lusinan kota-kota dunia termasuk London dan New York bisa saja lenyap tenggelam menjelang akhir abad ini, menurut penelitian yang menyebutkan global warming akan mengakibatkan naiknya permukaan air laut lebih cepat dari yang diprediksi sebelumnya. London termasuk kota besar yang beresiko tinggi seperti digambarkan dalam sebuah film tahun 2007 berjudul "Flood". Menurut para ahli kota ini akan tenggelam tidak sampai 100 tahun lagi.

6. Hewan-hewan yang Menyusut
Studi baru menyebutkan bahwa bahwa spesies-spesies hewan mengalami penyusutan rata-rata hingga 50 persen dari massa tubuhnya dalm 30 tahun terakhir. Penelitian awal terhadap domba menduga bahwa musim dingin yang lebih pendek dan ringan membuat domba-domba itu tidak menambah berat badannya untuk bertahan hidup pada tahun pertama hidupnya. Faktor seperti ini dapat juga mempengaruhi populasi ikan. Para peneliti menyebutkan perubahan iklim ini bisa mengganggu rantai-rantai makanan, dimana predator di puncak rantai makanan yang paling terpengaruhi karena menyusutnya mangsa.

7. Kepulauan Indonesia Kehilangan Ribuan Pulaunya
Akibat global warming, sedikitnya 2000 pulau kecil di kepulauan Indonesia mungkin akan hilang sebelum yahun 2030 danhal ini diperparah sebagai konsekuensi penambangan liar dan aktivitas lain yang merusak lingkungan. Indonesia hingga saat ini telah kehilangan sedikitnya 24 dari 17.500 pulau-pulau di wilayahnya.

8. Global Warming Bisa Memicu Terorisme
Global warming bisa menciptakan kondisi ketidakstabilan di negara-negara miskin, sehingga memicu terjadinya migrasi dan menjadi tempat subur berkembangnya terorisme. Kondisi negara yang tidak stabil akibat iklim yang keras dan tidak menentu menyebabkan banyak orang meninggalkan negaranya dan karena tekanan beberapa di antaranya bisa melakukan tindak terorisme. Belum lagi masalah akibat penolakan dari negara yang didatangi para imigran ini.

9. Mencairnya Pegunungan Alpen
Tahun-tahun belakangan ini terlihat pengurangan intensitas salju di wilayah-wilayah rendah, menyusutnya volume glacier (sungai es), dan juga meningkatnya cairnya wilayah es beku. Hal ini berdampak langsung pada aktivitas turisme di musim dingin. Diprediksi glacier-glacier itu akan hilang antara tahun 2030 dan 2050. Itali dan Swiss telah memutuskan untuk menggambar ulang batas-batas wilayah mereka akibat berkurangnya glacier-glacier di Alpine dan menyapu tanda batas-batas wilayah dua negara itu.

10. Tenggelamnya Kepulauan Maldiva
Wilayah kepulauan rendah dan flat yang dikelilingi lautan diprediksi akan ditenggelamkan oleh lautan yang mengelilinginya itu. Hal ini merupakan berita buruk bagi para penghuninya dan juga bagi dunia pariwisata yang mengandalkan pantai-pantai berpasir putih dengan air hangatnya. Para peneliti memberi waktu tidak lebih dari seratus tahun sebelum kepulauan ini bebar-benar lenyap ditelan samudera.

Mengerikan memang, meski hampir semua dari kita mungkin tidak akan mengalaminya, tetapi anak cucu kitalah yang akan menghadapinya. Mungkin sebagian orang menganggap isu global warming hanyalah bualan saja, tapi mungkin sebagian dari kita telah merasakan naiknya temperatur di wilayah masing-masing jika dibandingkan kira-kira 10 tahun yang lalu. Penulis sendiri kurang lebih 10-15 tahun yang lalu pernah tinggal di salah satu kota yang waktu itu hawanya selalu sejuk bahkan menjelang tengah hari sekalipun. Dan tahun-tahun belakangan kota itu di siang hari panas teriknya tidak kalah dengan kota Jakarta. Memang belum ada yang membuktikannya sebagai akibat global warming, tapi satu hal sudah jelas, sudah waktunya manusia memikirkan kembali untuk menghargai alam dan bersahabat dengan alam dalam segala aktivitasnya termasuk dalam strategi pembangunan, baik infrastruktur maupun industri.
Sumber: http://woamu.blogspot.com/2009/10/global-warming-dan-akibatnya.html
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Sunday 12 June 2011

20 Things About Brains


1 Life emerged on earth about 3.8 billion years ago, but sex did not evolve until more than 2 billion years later. Dirty limericks emerged only quite recently, geologically speaking.
2 Sex—what is it good for? Scientists are not sure, since asexual reproduction is a better evolutionary strategy in some important ways.
3 For those who refuse to commit to one strategy: The hermaphroditic earthworm Dendrobaena rubida has both male and female genitalia. If it cannot find a partner, the worm doubles up so that its female bits and male bits can go to town4 Although famously monogamous, female Adélie penguins slip away from their mates occasionally to couple with unattached males. They exact a fee (pdf) for such a dalliance—stones to bolster their nests—not unlike certain people.
5 Some talented penguin teasers can get a gift even without putting out. Again, not unlike certain people.
6 Barbary macaques have a distinctive way to get their mates to make a sperm donation: yelling. If the female does not shout, the male almost never climaxes.
7 How do we know this? German primatologist Dana Pfefferle watched a group of macaques, counting the females’ yells and the males’ pelvic thrusts. She says this work is “quite weird, but it’s science.”
8 Here in the US of A, that kind of stuff ends up on YouTube.
9 Because Barry White sounds terrible underwater: Fish can produce a variety of noises with their bones, teeth, and gas bladders. Grant Gilmore of Estuarine Coastal and Ocean Science Inc. says that male fish probably use some of these sounds to woo females.
10 The spiny anteater, an egg-laying mammal native to Australia and New Guinea, has a penis with four heads, but only two fit into the female at once.
11 The tiny male paper nautilus, an octopus, impregnates the much larger female by shooting his penis (a modified tentacle) into her—and leaving it there.
12 Homosexual behavior is found in at least 1,500 species of mammal, fish, reptile, bird, and even invertebrate.
13 My two dads: When a male goose courts another male goose, a female sometimes slips in and mates with both males. Later, the male partners share paternal duties.
14 Some seagulls practice lesbian mating, although the eggs that result from their liaisons are sterile.
15 Biologists at the University of California at San Francisco have found that male fruit flies exposed to high levels of alcohol become hypersexual and try to court practically anything with wings, including other male fruit flies. Eventually the revelry turns into a dysfunctional orgy, with “a chain of males chasing each other,” says one insect expert (subscription).
16 As the flies get increasingly tanked, their chance for mating success keeps dropping. This is one more reason why the fruit fly is a great model for studying humans.
17 Only a few vertebrates besides humans copulate face to face. Among those that sometimes do this: hamsters, beavers, and some primates, such as bonobos and orangutans.
18 French kissing is rarer still. The only other species known to do it as a prelude to mating is the white-fronted parrot. After the birds open their beaks and touch tongues, the male spews his lunch onto the female’s chest.
19 It is here that the mating habits of the white-fronted parrot and Homo sapiens diverge.
20 Size really does matter: People tend to choose mates of similar race, education level—and chubbiness. A recent British study indicates that obese people usually select partners with comparable levels of body fat.
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Lightning Unleashes Antimatter Storms

 
Some high-powered lightning strikes produce unusual forms of matter.

iStockphoto
The powerful blasts of particles and light energy known as gamma-ray bursts come from violent cosmic events in deep space, such as stellar explosions and black hole collisions. But smaller-scale bursts called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) can occur much closer to home, erupting thousands of times a year in association with lightning strikes during storms in Earth’s atmosphere. Two satellites originally designed to observe gamma rays from space recently caught the atmospheric flares in action, revealing that they emit far more energy than previously thought and release streams of antimatter particles, which bear a charge opposite that of their normal counterparts.
In a study of 130 TGFs recorded by 
the AGILE satellite, Italian Space Agency physicist Marco Tavani and colleagues report that the most energetic particles released carry four times as much energy as previous measurements detected, and hundreds of times as much as those produced by normal lightning strikes. In fact, Tavani describes a storm hurling photons into AGILE’s detectors as basically a giant particle accelerator in the sky. “It’s the equivalent of the Large Hadron Collider acting in the atmosphere for a fraction of a second,” he says. Next, Tavani plans to evaluate how TGFs might affect aircraft flying nearby.
Researchers working on another mission, NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, announced in January that about 10 percent of the particles fired off by TGFs consist of positrons—the positively charged antimatter twins of electrons. Because gamma rays can convert into electrons and positrons, physicists had predicted the anti­particles’ presence in the bursts, but until now they had never been directly observed. Astrophysicist Michael Briggs, a Fermi team member based at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, hopes such findings will aid in modeling how TGFs form. Currently, he says, scientists do not understand why some lightning strikes produce such mayhem while others do not
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When Astronomy Met Computer Science

Contrasting views of the Lagoon nebula. Top: Infrared observations from the Paranal Observatory in Chile cut through dust and gas to reveal a crisp view of baby stars within. Bottom: A similar view in visible light appears opaque.

ESO, VVV
For Kirk Borne, the information revolution began 11 years ago while he was working at NASA’s National Space Science Data Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. At a conference, another astronomer asked him if the center could archive a terabyte of data that had been collected from the MACHO sky survey, a project designed to study mysterious cosmic bodies that emit very little light or other radiation. Nowadays, plenty of desktop computers can store a terabyte on a hard drive. But when Borne ran the request up the flagpole, his boss almost choked. “That’s impossible!” he told Borne. “Don’t you realize that the entire data set NASA has collected over the past 45 years is one terabyte?”
“That’s when the lightbulb went off,” says Borne, who is now an associate professor of computational and data sciences at George Mason University. “That single experiment had produced as much data as the previous 15,000 experiments. I realized then that we needed to do something not only to make all that data available to scientists but also to enable scientific discovery from all that information.”
The tools of astronomy have changed drastically over just the past generation, and our picture of the universe has changed with them. Gone are the days of photographic plates that recorded the sky snapshot by painstaking snapshot. Today more than a dozen observatories on Earth and in space let researchers eyeball vast swaths of the universe in multiple wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays. And with the advent of digital detectors, computers have replaced darkrooms. These new capabilities provide a much more meaningful way to understand our place in the cosmos, but they have also unleashed a baffling torrent of data. Amazing discoveries might be in sight, yet hidden within all the information.
For the first time 
in history, we cannot 
examine all our data,” says Caltech astronomer George 
Djorgovski. “It’s not just 
the volume of data. It’s also the quality and complexity.”
A new generation of sky surveys promises to catalog literally billions and billions of astronomical objects. Trouble is, there are not enough graduate students in the known universe to classify all of them. When the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) in Cerro Pachón, Chile, aims its 3.2-
billion-pixel digital camera (the world’s largest) at the night sky in 2019, it will capture an area 49 times as large as the moon in each 15-second exposure, 2,000 times a night. Those snapshots will be stitched together over a decade to eventually form a motion picture of half the visible sky. The LSST, producing 30 terabytes of data nightly, will become the centerpiece of what some experts have dubbed the age of peta­scale astronomy—that’s 1015 bits (what Borne jokingly calls a tonabytes”).
The data deluge is already overwhelming astronomers, who in the past endured fierce competition to get just a little observing time at a major observatory. “For the first time in history, we cannot examine all our data,” says George Djorgovski, an astronomy professor and codirector of the Center for Advanced Computing Research at Caltech. “It’s not just data volume. It’s also the quality and complexity. A major sky survey might detect millions or even billions of objects, and for each object we might measure thousands of attributes in a thousand dimensions. You can get a data-mining package off the shelf, but if you want to deal with a billion data vectors in a thousand dimensions, you’re out of luck even if you own the world’s biggest supercomputer. The challenge is to develop a new scientific methodology for the 21st century.”
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The Age of Extreme Offshore Oil Is Just Beginning

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The oil rig FPSO BW Cidade de São Vicente operating thte Tupi Extended Wall Test

Petrobras News Agency
Marcos Bueno de Moraes still recalls those tense days of drilling. Geophysicists at his firm, the Brazilian oil company Petrobras, had used a novel 3-D seismic technology to probe for oil trapped underneath the seafloor, 180 miles off the coast of southeastern Brazil. It was the mid-2000s, oil prices were just beginning to recover after dragging bottom for more than a decade, and cost cutting was still gospel in the petroleum industry. But with preliminary soundings pointing to a massive cache of crude, the corporate brass overruled the bean counters and took their biggest gamble yet: prospecting four and a half miles beneath the surface of the Atlantic.
From his desk in the company’s concrete-block office tower in downtown Rio de Janeiro, Bueno, an exploration geophysicist, was tasked with interpreting seismic data streaming in from a battleship-gray exploration vessel moored in the open seas, more than an hour’s helicopter flight away. There, discovery crews working day and night had lowered a drill rig through 7,200 feet of water and were trying to break through another one, two, maybe three miles of sand, rock, and a massive crust of prehistoric rock salt to what might—or might not—be a major deposit of “pre-salt” oil below.
Although the potential payoff was huge, the risks were enormous too. In the wake of the BP blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, we now know just how enormous, but even then the perils of going after oil in ultradeep water were no secret to prospectors. Water pressure at those depths is more than 200 times that of the atmosphere at the surface, and no one knew what all the heat, gas, and salt below the seafloor might do to the drilling equipment. “If the pressure was too great and the right precautions not taken, the well could have blown and even set the drill platform on fire,” Bueno recalls. After more than a year of drilling, they had hit nothing. “I remember it was on a Friday that we had to decide: Do we scrap the whole experiment or keep going?
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Tuesday 17 May 2011

20 Think's About Nanotechnology


How it might kill us, how it might save us, and how it was used in the smallest ever marketing stunt
by Rebecca Coffey1  Get small. A nanometer is about the width of a strand of DNA; if you design, build, or use functional systems smaller than 100 of these, you’re a nanotechnologist.
2  By that definition, we have been doing nanotech for centuries. For instance, the colors in medieval stained glass windows result from nanocrystals created in the heating and cooling of the glass.
3   Size matters. At the nano scale, materials take on unusual properties. Their color, transparency, and melting point often differ significantly from those of larger clumps of the same stuff.
4  Nanoscale bits of metal oxide, carbon fiber, or metal blends can detoxify hazardous waste: Their extreme solubility and chemical reactivity help them zero in on the nasty stuff.
5  This approach is already being used at sites in a dozen states, mostly to clean groundwater fouled by solvents, metals, and petroleum.
6  Brighter colors! Richer flavors! Less spoilage! Those are some of the reasons why companies are dumping nanoparticles into hundreds of products, including cosmetics, sunscreens, and food.
7  Analysts say the global market for manufactured goods using nanomaterials could hit $1.6 trillion by 2013.
8  Uh-oh. Studies show that nanoparticles can work their way into the bloodstream, penetrate cells, and get past the blood-brain barrier. Research has linked such particles to lung damage; the brain may be affected too.
9  But if those particles don’t kill us, they just might save us. Scientists at U.C. San Diego have designed a fluorescent nanoparticle that glows inside the body, making it easier to image tumors and organ damage.
10  Yale researchers have created plastic nanospheres that encapsulate proteins called cytokines, which stimulate the immune system’s killer T-cells. An injection of those spheres could help fight disease and infection.
11  And in a University of Southern California lab, nanotubes have been used to create synthetic neurons (pdf).
12  The USC team is trying to assemble these neurons into functional networks, which would bring us closer to assistive brain implants.
13  In 1989, using an atomic force microscope, IBM engineer Don Eigler became the first person to move and control a single atom.
14  Eigler and his team later used 35 xenon atoms to spell out “IBM,” thus performing the world’s smallest PR stunt.
15  Atoms? Big whoop. Researchers at Princeton and U.C. Santa Barbara can control the spin of a single electron, trapping it in a “corral” created by applying voltage to minuscule electrodes.
16  But they’re not playing cowboy. The breakthrough could lead to powerful quantum computers that store and manipulate data in the spin of individual electrons.
17  Not to be outdone, Stan­ford scientists used scanning tunneling microscopy and holograms to write information within the interference patterns formed by electron waves on a copper sheet. The letters are less than a third the size of Eigler’s “IBM.”
18  Government researchers have created arrays of chromium nanodots that can store magnetic data with unprecedented uniformity. One goal: drawing more complex integrated circuits on silicon chips.
19  For the rodent who has everything. Georgia Tech scientists made piezoelectric generators out of nanowires and attached them to tiny hamster jackets. When the critters ran, the generators created electricity.
20  Zhong Lin Wang, co-inventor of the jacket, envisions a shirt that charges your cell phone as you stroll, or an implanted device for measuring blood pressure that’s powered by your own heartbeat.
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20 Think's About Future


When the future arrives, we won’t recognize it at first. What we think of as just more of the present will turn out, only after weeks of intensive study, to have been the future.
To keep this from happening again, humanity will adopt “reality saving time” and set its clocks forward eight hours.
3   We will be disappointed by how many people in the future think pajamas are acceptable public outerwear.
4   Further blurring the line between “sleeping” and “awake,” increasingly turbulent economic times in the late 21st century force millions of people to rent out their unconscious minds for data storage. A Connecticut man is sued for describing to his therapist a strange dream that turns out to be the intellectual property of Jerry Bruckheimer.
2107: Artificial intelligence aces the Turing test by becoming so uninteresting that it can’t be distinguished from human intelligence. Lame dinner party conversation can now be conducted 300 percent more efficiently.
6  Meanwhile, an incalculably multiplayer online game is named America’s best school district. Eager to compete, principals begin granting automatic tenure to orcs and night elves
By 2175 scientists have discovered the answers to all our greatest questions. They are: “No,” “Yes,” “Yes, but not the way we thought,” “Like two hands clapping, only quieter,” and “At the back of the closet, in the old shoe box.”
8  Apple’s latest iPhone, the NanoNano, is so small that it can be accidentally inhaled, periodically leaving friends embarrassing voice mails that consist entirely of heavy breathing. That is, when it can get a signal.
9  Bored and restless robots stage a rebellion, followed by rebellions of talking apes, cars, genetically modified beets, and more apes. Each features hair-raising stunts, expensive effects, and the opportunity for sequels.
10  In 2205 humans reconquer Earth and hire polymer engineers to replace melting glaciers with plastic substitutes that are identical to the originals in every way, except that they aren’t wet or cold.
11  Fortunately, polar bears can’t tell the difference because they have been extinct for 150 years.
12  Missing glaciers are just the beginning of our problems. Earth starts making a strange knocking sound, then breaks down entirely.
13  In the otherwise dull year 2327, mankind successfully contacts aliens. Well, technically their answering machine, as the aliens themselves have gone to Alpha Centauri for the summer.
14  Desperate for help, humans leave increasingly stalker-y messages, turning off the aliens with how clingy our species is.
15  The aliens finally agree to equip Earth with a set of planet-saving carbon neutralizers, but work drags on as key parts must be ordered from a foreign supplier in the Small Magellanic Cloud.
16  The job comes in $3.7 quadrillion above estimate. Humanity thinks it is being taken advantage of but isn’t sure.
17  4441: Interstellar travel is perfected, allowing us to reach the edge of space. Past the edge? Millions of light-years of unpainted drywall.
18  In the 504th century, humans give rise to a trendily named new species, Homo dakota madison. As predicted, craniums expand enormously, although the brains inside stay the same size. It will be an exciting time to be in the hat business.
19  Meanwhile, the dwindling number of Homo sapiens resentfully move to an old-species planet, to be cared for by androids programmed to feign interest in stories about prostates and half-remembered episodes of Perry Mason.
20  Ten billion years from now, our hyperevolved descendants gather to watch the scheduled heat death of the universe. Unfortunately, the event is preempted when time turns out to be cyclic.
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Thursday 14 April 2011

Bionic penguins fly through water … and air

April 27, 2009 The latest example of biomimicry in robotics to cross our desk is from German electrical automation company Festo, which has used the shape of the acquatic, flightless bird to construct two different types of bionic penguins. The AquaPenguins use the bird's hydrodynamic body contours and wing propulsion to allow the robot to maneuver in cramped spaces, turn on the spot and, unlike their real-life counterparts, swim backwards. The larger helium-filled AirPenguins use the same principles to lift the usually flightless bird into the air.
Drawing inspiration from nature for the design of robots allows designers to take advantage of millions of years of design refinement through evolution and natural selection. Although penguins are slow and clumsy on land, 40 million years of evolution has resulted in a perfectly contoured body that makes them extremely energy-efficient in water and capable of high speeds. It was these attributes, in particular, that Festo sought to emulate so they could translate the penguin's mechanics into industrial applications.
For the AquaPenguin, the wing skeleton is comprised of spring steel elements embedded in an elastic matrix of silicon. This lets the wings twist to an optimal angle with each stroke through the water. The pitch angle can also be regulated, giving the robotic penguins their maneuverability.
The head, neck and tail segments are based on a new 3D Fin Ray structure, derived from the anatomy of a fish's fin, which allows the penguin to change its “organic” shape to let it move in any direction. The bending structure consists of flexible longitudinal struts with "circumferential connecting elements" that maintain the shape of the elastic skin, and help to steer the robotic penguin horizontally and vertically.
The same basic design principles are also adopted by the AirPenguins, although the 3D Fin Ray structure is modified slightly. To give the AirPenguin elevation, Festo designers filled a ballonet, or small balloon, with about one cubic meter of helium, which can lift about 1 kg. A system of carbon fiber rods and joints, moved by wires and pulley, are used to guide the penguins through the air.
With the AquaPenguins, a powerful electric motor, used to control the rate of flapping, and leverage system to regulate the amplitude of the flapping wings combine to almost perfectly imitate the kinematics of the penguins’ underwater “flight”. The flapping cycles are virtually self-regulating, with little effort needed to maneuver the bird.
The AirPenguins, on the other hand, rely on a series of mechanisms, called actuators, to control how often their wings flap and whether they move forwards or backwards, up or down.
Festo didn’t limit their study to penguins in searching for ideas. Researchers also looked to bats and dolphins to help design the penguins' intelligent 3D sensor system. The AquaPenguins are fitted with special 3D sonar to analyze their surroundings, using broadband ultrasound signals to constantly measure distances to the sides of the water basin, avoid collisions and navigate autonomously or as a group. A separate pressure sensor is used for greater depths.
The same principles are used to navigate the AirPenguins, but their movement is monitored by invisible ultrasound “transmitting stations”.
Festo built the penguins to create opportunities in design and automation technology. Already the company has had some success, using the design of the penguin's body to develop a mechanical hand, called the BionicTripod with FinGripper. According to Festo, the BionicTripod has greater "pick-and-place applications" than conventional tripod designs while the FinGripper has the flexibility to securely grip and deposit fragile or irregular-shaped objects.
Festo is also anticipating the intelligent sensors used by the AquaPenguin will find numerous industrial uses.
The bionic penguins are on show at this year's Hannover Messe Trade Exhibition in Germany.
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New Technique Brings Computer Model of the Brain a Step Closer

 "Connectomics" is an area of neuroscience that aims to map the brain's connections, known as synapses, to gain an understanding of how information flows through the circuits of the brain. With an estimated 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain, each connected to thousands of other nerve cells, adding up to an estimated 150 trillion synapses, the creation of such a map is no small task – but a new technique is bringing scientists a step closer to developing a computer model of the brain.
"We first need to understand the function of each neuron and find out to which other brain cells it connects," says Dr Tom Mrsic-Flogel, a Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellow at University College London (UCL). "If we can find a way of mapping the connections between nerve cells of certain functions, we will then be in a position to begin developing a computer model to explain how the complex dynamics of neural networks generate thoughts, sensations and movements."
With neurons in different areas of the brain performing different functions, Dr Mrsic-Flogel and his colleagues focused on the visual cortex, which processes information from the eye. Using high-resolution imaging they were able to detect, out of the thousands of neurons in the visual cortex of the mouse brain, which ones responded to a particular stumulus, such as a horizontal edge.
Then, by taking a slice of the same tissue and applying small currents to a subset of neurons, the scientists were able to see to which other neurons they were synaptically connected. Repeating this technique many times allowed the scientists to trace the function and connectivity of hundreds of nerve cells in the mouse's visual cortex.
With results showing that neurons that responded very similarly to visual stimuli tend to connect each other much more than those that respond differently, the researchers say their study has resolved the debate about whether local connections between neurons are random and independent of function or whether they are ordered.
The researchers hope to use the technique to begin generating a wiring diagram of a brain area with a particular behavioral function. While their initial study focused on the visual cortex, they say the technique should also help reveal the functional circuit wiring of the regions of the brain responsible for touch, hearing and movement.
Scientists hope that creating a computer model of the brain will help them understand how perceptions, sensations and thoughts are generated and how diseases such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and stroke can cause these functions to go wrong.
"We are beginning to untangle the complexity of the brain," says Dr Mrsic-Flogel. "Once we understand the function and connectivity of nerve cells spanning different layers of the brain, we can begin to develop a computer simulation of how this remarkable organ works. But it will take many years of concerted efforts amongst scientists and massive computer processing power before it can be realized."
The researcher's study entitled, "Functional specificity of local synaptic connections in neocortical networks," appears in the journal Nature.
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Scientists use bacteria to create fuel from sunlight and CO2

 Researchers from the University of Minnesota have announced a breakthrough in the quest to create a viable fuel alternative using greenhouse gases. The process uses two types of bacteria to create hydrocarbons from sunlight and carbon dioxide. Those hydrocarbons can in turn be made into fuel, which the scientists are calling "renewable petroleum."
The process starts with Synechococcus, a photosynthetic bacterium that fixes carbon dioxide in sunlight, then converts that CO2 to sugars. Those sugars are then passed on to another bacterium, Shewanella, which consumes them and produces fatty acids. University of Minnesota biochemistry graduate student Janice Frias discovered how to use a protein to transform those acids into ketones, a type of organic compound. Her colleagues in the university's College of Science and Engineering have developed catalytic technology that allows them to convert those ketones into diesel fuel.
"CO2 is the major greenhouse gas mediating global climate change, so removing it from the atmosphere is good for the environment," said Frias' advisor, Prof. Larry Wackett. "It's also free. And we can use the same infrastructure to process and transport this new hydrocarbon fuel that we use for fossil fuels."
The university is in the process of filing patents on the process.
The research is being published in the upcoming issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
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